在英语中,介词和介词短语的应用是极其广泛的。首先,不及物动词不能直接取得宾语,它只有借助于介词构成动词短语方可取得宾语,这样就形成了不及物动词与介词的固定动词短语。其次,介词本身不能单独作句子成分,它必须和名词连用,构成介词短语之后,方可承担句子成分,这样就构成了介词与名词的固定搭配关系。基于以上原因,学习和掌握介词相对较难,一个比较好的方法就是在学习时不要去四级单词,要记词组,将介词与名词和动词的固定搭配一起记,记得多了,用得多了,就会孰能生巧。
英语介词很多,本文只介绍科技英语中常用的且易混淆的介词和介词短语的用法。
在科技英语中,常用的主要介词如 about、above、by、for、from、in、on、to、with 等和复合介词如 apart from、away from、because of、instead of、out of、regardless of、due to、owing to 等。介词短语主要有以下几种组合形式:名词+介词,如:access to、appeal to、delight in,形容词+介词,如 aware of、good at、interested in、similar to,介词+名词(+介词),如 out of turn、on demand、in proportion to 等为了对比学习,本节主要介绍几组介词及其用法以及应用中的相关注意事项。
(1)at、on、in 表示时间意义的用法区别。at 表示时间的一个点,on 表示具斯的某一天,in 表示在某年、某月。如 at eight o'clock,on October 1,1949,on Sundays,in1949,in last June
(2)at、on、in 表示位置意义的用法区别。at 表示在某一点,on 表示在线和面上,in 表示某一范围大些的地点。
例1:
① The substitution takes place at the position of α-carbon atom.
② A thin film was formed on the surface of the plate.
③ The DEAE-Sephacel was eluted with 10 column volumes of a 0—200
mmol/L NaCl gradient in the Tris buffer.
另外表示速度用 at。
例2:The car ran at a speed of 120 miles per hour.
(3)among 和 between 用法上的区别。两者都是表示“之间”、“中间”的意,但用法上有区别,前者用于三者以上,后者用于“两者之间”。
例3:
① Among all the metals,iron is the most widely used in the daily life.
② What is the difference between a mixture and a compound?
当 between 用于“三者以上”,则表示其中每两者之间的相互关系。
例:4:Early man did not know how to explain the differece between
gases , solids and liquids.
(4)当 by、with、through 表示“工具”和“手段”时三者才可以互换。
例5:
① He crossed the stream by a little bridge.
② They measured the temperature with a new-type instrument.
③ I learnt of the position through a newspaper advertisement.
(5)by、during、till 和 until 表示时间上的用法区别。By 表示时间点,不与延续性动词连用,during 表示一段持续时间,till 和 until 在肯定句只与延续性动词连用。
例6:
① You must be back by four o'clock
② The sun gives us light during the day.
③ They work from 6 o'clock in the morning till(until)2 o'clock in the afternoon.
(6)for、from、through、with、out of、because of、on account of 等介词表示原因,动机或理由。其中 for 和 out of 主要表达动机。
例6:
① The insulant was burned for overheating.
② He has done it from a sense of duty.
③ We lost ourselves through not knowing the way.
④ With such knowledge and experience,he is sure to succeed.
⑤ The method is quoted out of the literature.
⑥ The compound was prepared out of necessity.
⑦ Alloys are important because of their usefulness in industry.
③ The solution became cloudiness on account of the precipitate formed.
(7)owing to 和 due to 的用法区别。两者都是介词,但 owing to 是副词性复合介词,可作状语,而 due to 是形容词性复合介词,只能作表语。
例7:
① Owing to his careless driving,we had a bad accident.
② The accident was due to careless driving.
(8)except、except for、but、apart from 等都表示“除……之外”的含义,但在用法上有细节上的差异。其中 except for 后面的所指可与前面所云可非同类,且有美中不足之义,but 不能用于句首,只能用在 no、any、every 等构成的合成词以及 all、none 等词之后,apart from 类似于 besides 和 except for。
例8:
① All atoms except those of hydrogen,contain one or more neutrons in the nuclei.
② This machine is of a new type except for a few shortcomings here and there.
③ They chose none but the best.
④ None but strong acids are suitable for the reaction.
实际上在英语科技论文的撰写过程中,介词的使用既是重点又是难点,因为很多介词都有其基本用法,又有其许多例外情况,这里介绍的也只是常用介词中有限的几个。真正要掌握好介词的用法除了要熟悉它们的基本用法外,更要牢记它们的固定搭配,只有这样方能自如地、准确地使用介词。